Ionizační energie elektronů
Udávané (naměřené) ionizační energie atomů E:
|
Z
|
r=1
|
|
|
|
|
H
|
1
|
13.598
|
r=2
|
He
|
2
|
54.416
|
24.587
|
r=3
|
Li
|
3
|
122.451
|
75.638
|
5.392
|
r=4
|
Be
|
4
|
217.713
|
153.893
|
18.211
|
9.322
|
r=5
|
Normované energie - hodnoty En = E/E1, kde E1 = E(H) ~ 13.6 eV:
|
Z
|
r=1
|
|
|
|
|
H
|
1
|
1.000
|
r=2
|
He
|
2
|
4.001
|
1.8079
|
r=3
|
Li
|
3
|
9.004
|
5.5616
|
0.3965
|
r=4
|
Be
|
4
|
16.008
|
11.3157
|
1.3390
|
0.6853
|
r=5
|
Normovaný náboj jádra - hodnota V = √ En
|
V
|
r=1
|
|
|
|
|
H
|
1
|
1.0000
|
r=2
|
He
|
2
|
2.0003
|
1.3446
|
r=3
|
Li
|
3
|
3.0007
|
2.3583
|
0.6297
|
r=4
|
Be
|
4
|
4.0010
|
3.3639
|
1.1572
|
0.8278
|
r=5
|
Normovaný náboj jádra - hodnota V: V = √En , kde En = E/13.6, tabulka V(r,t)
r\t | t=1 | t=2 | t=3 | t=4 |
r=1 | 1.000 | 2.007 | 3.007 | 4.001 |
r=2 | | 1.344 | 2.358 | 3.364 |
r=3 | | | 0.630 | 1.157 |
r=4 | | | | 0.828 |
Efektivní náboj jádra - hodnota Zef= F(n,V) = n * V = n √En.
Nechť E1 = E(H) = 13.53 a En = E/E1. Např. pro Li is E(Li) = 5.41,
En = E/E1 = 5.41/13.53 = 0.40 V=√En= 0.630, Zef = nV = 2*0.630 = 1.260.
| H | He | LI | Be | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | Na | Mg |
n | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
r | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
V(r,r) | 1.000 | 1.344 | 0.630 | 0.828 | 0.781 | 0.910 | 1.034 | 1.001 | 1.132 | 1.259 | 0.615 | 0.750 |
Zef | 1.00 | 1.37 | 1.26 | 1.65 | 1.56 | 1.84 | 2.07 | 2.00 | 2.27 | 2.52 | 1.85 | |
Umístění elektronu do téže vrstvy atomu s vyšším nábojem jádra Z.
Změnou jádra se úměrně zvýší nZ’: F(n,Z’) = F(n,Z’-1) + 1
| 1s1 | 2s1 | 3s1 | 4s1 | |
n | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Z=1 | 1.0 | | | | |
Z=2 | 2.0 | | | | |
Z=3 | 3.0 | 1.26 | | | |
Z=4 | 4.0 | 2.31 | | | |
Z=5 | 5.0 | 3.34 | | | |
Vybuzením elektronu do vyšších vrstev - Efektivní číslo slupky nef = 1/Z‘.
Přesunem elektronu se nemění jeho stínění: nef(Z,n) = nef(Z,n-1) + 1 (pro n > n*)
| 1s1 | 2s1 | 3s1 | 4s1 | |
n | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Z=1 | 1.0 | | | | |
Z=2 | 0.5 | | | | |
Z=3 | 0.333 | 1.589 (= 1/0.630) | 2.596 | 3.598 | |
Z=4 | 0.25 | 0.864 | | | |
Z=5 | 0.20 | 0,599 | | | |
Budem sledovat poměry normovaných nábojů V(t,r).
Hodnota V první a druhého (s) elektronu:
- První elektron: V(t, 1) = t = (3t) / 3
- Druhý elektron: V(t,2) = t-2/3 = (3t-2) /3 (přesněji ne 2/3, ale 0.64)
V(r,t)
r\t | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
1 | 1.000 | 2.007 | 3.007 | 4.001 | 5.000 | 6.002 | 7.003 | 8.005 | 9.061 | 10.004 | 11.010 | 12.013 |
2 | | 1.344 | 2.358 | 3.364 | 4.367 | 5.369 | 6.370 | 7.373 | 8.419 | 9.377 | 10.379 | 11.382 |
Hodnota V třetího a čtvrtého (s) elektronu:
- Třetí elektron: V(t, 3) = (4t - 7) / 4
- Čtvrtý elektron: V(t,4) = (4t - 10) /4
V(r,t)
r\t | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
3 | | | 0.630 | 1.157 | 1.670 | 2.177 | 2.683 | 3.187 | 3.689 | 4.193 | 4.696 | 5.199 |
4 | | | | 0.828 | 1.360 | 1.876 | 2.386 | 2.894 | 3,399 | 3.904 | 4.407 | 4.911 |
Hodnota V pátého, šestého a sedmého (p) elektronu:
- Pátý elektron: V(t, 5) = (5t - 18) /5
- Šestý elektron: V(t,6) = (5t - 22) /5
- Sedmý elektron: V(t,7) = (5t - 26) /5
V(r,t)
r\t | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
3 | | | 0.630 | 1.157 | 1.670 | 2.177 | 2.683 | 3.187 | 3.689 | 4.193 | 4.696 | 5.199 |
4 | | | | 0.828 | 1.360 | 1.876 | 2.386 | 2.894 | 3,399 | 3.904 | 4.407 | 4.911 |
Poměr hodnot V r-tého elektronu u prvků Z = r a Z = r-1.
r\t | | V(r,r) | | V(r,r+1) | V(r,r+1)/ V(r,r)=p/(r+2) | p – r | |
-1 | | | | | 3/1 | 4 | |
0 | | | H | | 4/2 | 4 | |
1 | H | 1.000 | He | 2.007 | 6/3 | 5 | 1s/1 |
2 | He | 1.344 | Li | 2.358 | 7/4 | 5 | 1s/2 |
3 | Li | 0.630 | Be | 1.157 | 9/5 | 6 | 2s/1 |
4 | Be | 0.828 | B | 1.360 | 10/6 | 6 | 2s/2 |
5 | B | 0.781 | C | 1.339 | 12/7 | 7 | 2p/a1 |
6 | C | 0.910 | N | 1.475 | 13/8 | 7 | 2p/a2 |
7 | N | 1.034 | O | 1.607 | 14/9 | 7 | 2p/a3 |
8 | O | 1.001 | F | 1.604 | 16/10 | 8 | 2p/b1 |
9 | F | 1.132 | Ne | 1.736 | 17/11 | 8 | 2p/b2 |
10 | Ne | 1.259 | Na | 1.865 | 18/12 | 8 | 2p/b3 |
11 | Na | | Mg | | 20/13 | 9 | 3s/1 |
12 | Mg | | Al | | 21/14 | 9 | 3s/2 |
13 | Al | | Si | | 23/15 | 10 | 3p/a1 |
14 | Si | | P | | 24/16 | 10 | 3p/a2 |
15 | P | | S | | 25/17 | 10? | 3p/a3 |
16 | S | | Cl | | 27/18 | 11 | 3p/b1 |
17 | Cl | | Ar | | 28/19 | 11 | 3p/b2 |
18 | Ar | | K | | 29/20 | 11? | 3p/b3 |
19 | K | | Cu | | 31/21 | 12 | 4s/1 |
20 | Cu | | | | 32/22 | 12 | 4s/2 |
Budeme sledovat hodnoty efektivních nábojů n.V = n.√ En, viz následující tabulky.
Např. Pro Li je:
E(Li) = 5.392
En = E/E1 = 5.392/13.598 = 0.3965
√ En =√ 0.3965=0.6297
n.√ En = 2*0.6297 = 1.2594.
S-orbity
|
s1
|
|
s2
|
n
|
X
|
Z
|
n.E*
|
r-0.25
|
r=(n+1)/2
|
r-0.25
|
n.E*
|
Z
|
X
|
1
|
H
|
1
|
1.000
|
0.750
|
1.000
|
1.250
|
1.344
|
2
|
He
|
2
|
Li
|
3
|
1.259
|
1.250
|
1.500
|
1.750
|
1.656
|
4
|
Be
|
3
|
Na
|
11
|
1.845
|
1.750
|
2.000
|
2.250
|
2.250
|
12
|
Mg
|
4
|
K
|
19
|
2.260
|
2.250
|
2.500
|
2.750
|
2.680
|
20
|
Ca
|
5
|
Rb
|
37
|
2.775
|
2.750
|
3.000
|
3.250
|
3.235
|
38
|
Sr
|
6
|
C
|
55
|
3.216
|
3.250
|
3.500
|
3.750
|
3.724
|
56
|
Ba
|
7
|
Fr
|
87
|
3.787
|
3.750
|
4.000
|
4.250
|
4.361
|
88
|
Ra
|
P-orbity
|
p1
|
p2
|
p3
|
n
|
X
|
Z
|
n.E*
|
2n/3
|
X
|
Z
|
n.E*
|
(2n+1)/3
|
X
|
Z
|
n.E*
|
(2n+2)/3
|
1
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
B
|
5
|
1.562
|
1.333
|
C
|
6
|
1.820
|
1.667
|
N
|
7
|
2.068
|
2.000
|
3
|
Al
|
13
|
1.989
|
2.000
|
Si
|
14
|
2.322
|
2.333
|
P
|
15
|
2.649
|
2.667
|
4
|
Ga
|
31
|
2.656
|
2.666
|
Ge
|
32
|
3.044
|
3.000
|
As
|
33
|
3.396
|
3.333
|
5
|
In
|
49
|
3.260
|
3.333
|
Sn
|
50
|
3.665
|
3.667
|
Sb
|
51
|
3.975
|
4.000
|
6
|
Tl
|
81
|
4.020
|
4.000
|
Pb
|
82
|
|
4.333
|
Bi
|
83
|
|
4.667
|
7
|
|
|
|
4.667
|
|
|
|
5.000
|
|
|
|
5.333
|
|
p4
|
p5
|
p6
|
n
|
n' = n +1
|
X
|
Z
|
n.E*
|
2n'/3
|
X
|
Z
|
n.E*
|
(2n'+1)/3
|
X
|
Z
|
n.E*
|
(2n'+2)/3
|
1
|
2
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
3
|
O
|
8
|
2.000
|
2.000
|
F
|
9
|
2.264
|
2.333
|
Ne
|
10
|
2.516
|
2.667
|
3
|
4
|
S
|
16
|
2.616
|
2.667
|
Cl
|
17
|
2.934
|
3.000
|
Ar
|
18
|
3.222
|
3.333
|
4
|
5
|
Se
|
34
|
3.388
|
3.333
|
Br
|
35
|
3.732
|
3.667
|
Kr
|
36
|
4.048
|
4.000
|
5
|
6
|
Te
|
52
|
4.050
|
4.000
|
I
|
53
|
4.375
|
4.333
|
Xe
|
54
|
4.705
|
4.667
|
6
|
7
|
Po
|
84
|
|
4.667
|
At
|
85
|
|
5.000
|
Rn
|
86
|
|
5.333
|
7
|
8
|
|
|
|
5.333
|
|
|
|
5.667
|
|
|
|
6.000
|
D-orbity
|
|
d1
|
d2
|
d3
|
d4
|
d5
|
|
n
|
(3n-1)/4
|
X
|
Z
|
n.E*
|
X
|
Z
|
n.E*
|
X
|
Z
|
n.E*
|
X
|
Z
|
n.E*
|
X
|
Z
|
n.E*
|
3n/4
|
3
|
2.000
|
Sc
|
21
|
2.085
|
Ti
|
22
|
2.127
|
V
|
23
|
2.112
|
Cr
|
24
|
2.115
|
Mn
|
25
|
2.217
|
2.250
|
4
|
2.750
|
Y
|
39
|
2.788
|
Zr
|
40
|
2.860
|
Nb
|
41
|
2.844
|
Mo
|
42
|
2.896
|
Tc
|
43
|
2.916
|
3.000
|
5
|
3.500
|
Lu
|
71
|
3.520
|
Hf
|
72
|
3.180
|
Ta
|
73
|
3.760
|
W
|
74
|
3.830
|
Re
|
75
|
3.805
|
3.750
|
6
|
4.250
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.500
|
|
|
d6
|
d7
|
d8
|
d9
|
d10
|
|
n
|
3n/4
|
X
|
Z
|
n.E*
|
X
|
Z
|
n.E*
|
X
|
Z
|
n.E*
|
X
|
Z
|
n.E*
|
X
|
Z
|
n.E*
|
(3n+1)/4
|
3
|
2.250
|
Fe
|
26
|
2.286
|
Co
|
27
|
2.280
|
Ni
|
28
|
2.247
|
Cu
|
29
|
2.259
|
Zn
|
30
|
2.493
|
2.500
|
4
|
3.000
|
Ru
|
44
|
2.944
|
Rh
|
45
|
2.964
|
Pd
|
46
|
3.132
|
Ag
|
47
|
2.988
|
Cd
|
48
|
3.252
|
3.250
|
5
|
3.750
|
Os
|
76
|
4.000
|
Ir
|
77
|
4.110
|
Pt
|
78
|
4.060
|
Au
|
79
|
4.115
|
Hg
|
80
|
4.380
|
4.000
|
6
|
4.500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.750
|